Open access

Children should be offered vaccination against COVID-19

Publication: LymphoSign Journal
20 August 2021
First page of PDF

Formats available

You can view the full content in the following formats:

REFERENCES

American Academy of Pediatrics. 2021. Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report [Online]. Available from https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report [accessed 2021].
Baggio S., L’huillier A.G., Yerly S., Bellon M., Wagner N., Rohr M., Huttner A., Blanchard-Rohner G., Loevy N., Kaiser L., Jacquerioz F., and Eckerle I. 2021. Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in the upper respiratory tract of children and adults with early acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin. Infect. Dis. 73: 148–150.
Bialek S., Gierke R., Hughes M., Mcnamara L.A., Pilishvili T., and Skoff T. 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children — United States, February 12 – April 2, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69: 422–426.
Brown C., Vostok J., Johnson H., Burns M., Gharpure R., Sami S., Sabo R., Hall R., Foreman A., Schubert P., Gallagher G.T.F., Madoff L., Gabriel S., Macinnis B., Park D., Siddle K., Harik V., Arvidson D., Brock-Fisher T., Dunn M., Kearns A., and Laney A. 2021a. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings — Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(31): 1059–1062.
Brown, K.A., Joh, E., Buchan, S.A., Daneman, N., Mishra, S., Patel, S., and Day, T. 2021b. Inflection in prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections missing the N501Y mutation as a marker of rapid Delta (B.1.617.2) lineage expansion in Ontario, Canada. medRxiv, 2021.06.22.21259349.
Buonsenso D., Munblit D., De Rose C., Sinatti D., Ricchiuto A., Carfi A., and Valentini P. 2021. Preliminary evidence on long COVID in children. Acta Paediatr. 110: 2208–2211.
Cao Q., Chen Y.-C., Chen C.-L., and Chiu C.-H. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: Transmission dynamics and clinical characteristics. J. Formosan Med. Assoc. 119: 670–673.
CDC. 2021. Interim public health recommendations for fully vaccinated people [Online]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated-guidance.html.
Conlen, M., Keefe, J., Sun, A., Leatherby, L., and Smart, C. 2020. How full are hospital I.C.U.s near you? [Online]. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/covid-hospitals-near-you.html.
Corman V.M., Haage V.C., Bleicker T., Schmidt M.L., Mühlemann B., Zuchowski M., Jo W.K., Tscheak P., Möncke-Buchner E., Müller M.A., Krumbholz A., Drexler J.F., and Drosten C. 2021. Comparison of seven commercial SARS-CoV-2 rapid point-of-care antigen tests: a single-centre laboratory evaluation study. Lancet Microbe. 2: e311–e319.
Dagan N., Barda N., Kepten E., Miron O., Perchik S., Katz M.A., Hernán M.A., Lipsitch M., Reis B., and Balicer R.D. 2021. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting. N. Engl. J. Med. 384: 1412–1423.
Danis K., Epaulard O., Bénet T., Gaymard A., Campoy S., Botelho-Nevers E., Bouscambert-Duchamp M., Spaccaferri G., Ader F., Mailles A., Boudalaa Z., Tolsma V., Berra J., Vaux S., Forestier E., Landelle C., Fougere E., Thabuis A., Berthelot P., Veil R., Levy-Bruhl D., Chidiac C., Lina B., Coignard B., Saura C., Brottet E., Casamatta D., Gallien Y., George S., Viriot D., Ait Belghiti F., Bernard-Stoecklin S., Desenclos J.-C., Giese C., Ghislain D., Gounon M., Grangeret N., Marie C., Morel B., Deher M., Ronnaux Baron A.-S., Courbis G., Ragozin N., Wolska M., Serange E., Mercatello D., Aiouaz S., Valette M., Frobert E., Josset L., Escuret V., Morfin F., Billaud G., Blanc M., Arata-Bardet J., Froidure M., Le Maréchal M., Pavese P., Pierre I., Becker A., Chauvelot P., Conrad A., Ferry T., Miailhes P., Perpoint T., Pouderoux C., Roux S., Valour F., Lutz M.-F., Pouvaret A., Vitrat V., Maillet M., Janssen C., Piet E., Bosch A., Destrem A.-L., Isnard M., Challan-Belval T., Wackenheim C., Couturier A., Gheno G., Roupioz T., Lucet N., Ayouni S., Vincent M., De Epidemiología S., General De Salud Pública Del Gover Balear D., Masserey Spicher V., Bourquin C., Stoll J., Chaud P., and Mounayar A.-L. 2020. Cluster of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the French Alps, February 2020. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71: 825–832.
ECDC. 2021. Threat Assessment Brief: Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variants in India and situation in the EU/EEA [Online]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/threat-assessment-emergence-sars-cov-2-b1617-variants.
Fisman, D.N., and Tuite, A.R. 2021. Progressive Increase in Virulence of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Ontario, Canada. medRxiv, 2021.07.05.21260050.
Goldstein, E., Lipsitch, M., and Cevik, M. 2020. Government of Canada. 2021. COVID-19 daily epidemiology update [Online]. Available from https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/epidemiological-summary-covid-19-cases.html#a5 [accessed 16 August 2021].
Hall V.J., Foulkes S., Saei A., Andrews N., Oguti B., Charlett A., Wellington E., Stowe J., Gillson N., Atti A., Islam J., Karagiannis I., Munro K., Khawam J., Chand M.A., Brown C.S., Ramsay M., Lopez-Bernal J., Hopkins S., Andrews N., Atti A., Aziz H., Brooks T., Brown C.S., Camero D., Carr C., Chand M.A., Charlett A., Crawford H., Cole M., Conneely J., D’arcangelo S., Ellis J., Evans S., Foulkes S., Gillson N., Gopal R., Hall L., Hall V.J., Harrington P., Hopkins S., Hewson J., Hoschler K., Ironmonger D., Islam J., Kall M., Karagiannis I., Kay O., Khawam J., King E., Kirwan P., Kyffin R., Lackenby A., Lattimore M., Linley E., Lopez-Bernal J., Mabey L., Mcgregor R., Miah S., Monk E.J.M., Munro K., Naheed Z., Nissr A., O’connell A.M., Oguti B., Okafor H., Organ S., Osbourne J., Otter A., Patel M., Platt S., Pople D., Potts K., Ramsay M., Robotham J., Rokadiya S., Rowe C., Saei A., Sebbage G., Semper A., Shrotri M., Simmons R., Soriano A., Staves P., Taylor S., Taylor A., Tengbe A., Tonge S., Vusirikala A., Wallace S., Wellington E., Zambon M., Corrigan D., Sartaj M., Cromey L., Campbell S., Braithwaite K., Price L., Haahr L., and Stewart S. 2021. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet, 397: 1725–1735.
Han M.S., Choi E.H., Chang S.H., Jin B.-L., Lee E.J., Kim B.N., Kim M.K., Doo K., Seo J.-H., Kim Y.-J., Kim Y.J., Park J.Y., Suh S.B., Lee H., Cho E.Y., Kim D.H., Kim J.M., Kim H.Y., Park S.E., Lee J.K., Jo D.S., Cho S.-M., Choi J.H., Jo K.J., Choe Y.J., Kim K.H., and Kim J.-H. 2021. Clinical characteristics and viral RNA detection in children with coronavirus disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea. JAMA Pediatr. 175: 73.
Heald-Sargent T., Muller W.J., Zheng X., Rippe J., Patel A.B., and Kociolek L.K. 2020. Age-Related Differences in Nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Levels in Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Pediatr. 174: 902.
Heath, P.T., Galiza, E.P., Baxter, D.N., Boffito, M., Browne, D., Burns, F., Chadwick, D.R., Clark, R., Cosgrove, C., Galloway, J., Goodman, A.L., Heer, A., Higham, A., Iyengar, S., Jamal, A., Jeanes, C., Kalra, P.A., Kyriakidou, C., Mcauley, D.F., Meyrick, A., Minassian, A.M., Minton, J., Moore, P., Munsoor, I., Nicholls, H., Osanlou, O., Packham, J., Pretswell, C.H., San Francisco Ramos, A., Saralaya, D., Sheridan, R.P., Smith, R., Soiza, R.L., Swift, P.A., Thomson, E.C., Turner, J., Viljoen, M.E., Albert, G., Cho, I., Dubovsky, F., Glenn, G., Rivers, J., Robertson, A., Smith, K., and Toback, S. 2021. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med.
Jacot D., Greub G., Jaton K., and Opota O. 2020. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 across patients and compared to other respiratory viruses. Microbe. Infec. 22: 617–621.
Jones T.C., Biele G., Mühlemann B., Veith T., Schneider J., Beheim-Schwarzbach J., Bleicker T., Tesch J., Schmidt M.L., Sander L.E., Kurth F., Menzel P., Schwarzer R., Zuchowski M., Hofmann J., Krumbholz A., Stein A., Edelmann A., Corman V.M., and Drosten C. 2021. Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course. Science, 373: eabi5273.
Lopez Bernal J., Andrews N., Gower C., Gallagher E., Simmons R., Thelwall S., Stowe J., Tessier E., Groves N., Dabrera G., Myers R., Campbell C.N.J., Amirthalingam G., Edmunds M., Zambon M., Brown K.E., Hopkins S., Chand M., and Ramsay M. 2021a. Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant. N. Engl. J. Med. 385: 585–594.
Lopez Bernal J., Andrews N., Gower C., Robertson C., Stowe J., Tessier E., Simmons R., Cottrell S., Roberts R., O’doherty M., Brown K., Cameron C., Stockton D., Mcmenamin J., and Ramsay M. 2021b. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. BMJ, 373: n1088.
Ludvigsson J.F. 2020a. Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19. Acta Paediatr. 110: 914–921.
Ludvigsson J.F. 2020b. Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic – A systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 109: 1525–1530.
Paul, L.A., Daneman, N., Schwartz, K.L., Science, M., Brown, K.A., Whelan, M., Chan, E., and Buchan, S.A. 2021. Association of Age and Pediatric Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Pediatr.
Puranik, A., Lenehan, P.J., Silvert, E., Niesen, M.J.M., Corchado-Garcia, J., O’horo, J.C., Virk, A., Swift, M.D., Halamka, J., Badley, A.D., Venkatakrishnan, A.J., and Soundararajan, V. 2021. Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence. medRxiv, 8.6.21261707.
Riphagen S., Gomez X., Gonzalez-Martinez C., Wilkinson N., and Theocharis P. 2020. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, 395: 1607–1608.
Roifman C.M. 2020. Managing primary immunodeficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic. LymphoSign J. 7: 85–89.
Roifman, C.M., and Vong, L. 2021a. COVID-19 post-vaccination recommendations in primary immunodeficiency. LymphoSign J. Just-IN.
Roifman C.M. and Vong L. 2021b. COVID-19 vaccination for patients with primary immunodeficiency. LymphoSign J. 8: 37–45.
Sheikh A., Mcmenamin J., Taylor B., and Robertson C. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. Lancet, 397: 2461–2462.
Shrotri, M., Krutikov, M., Palmer, T., Giddings, R., Azmi, B., Subbarao, S., Fuller, C., Irwin-Singer, A., Davies, D., Tut, G., Bernal, J.L., Moss, P., Hayward, A., Copas, A., and Shallcross, L. 2021. Vaccine effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of Long-Term Care Facilities (VIVALDI study). medRxiv, 2021.03.26.21254391.
Stawicki S., Jeanmonod R., Miller A., Paladino L., Gaieski D., Yaffee A., De Wulf A., Grover J., Papadimos T., Bloem C., Galwankar S., Chauhan V., Firstenberg M., Di Somma S., Jeanmonod D., Garg S., Tucci V., Anderson H., Fatimah L., Worlton T., Dubhashi S., Glaze K., Sinha S., Opara I., Yellapu V., Kelkar D., El-Menyar A., Krishnan V., Venkataramanaiah S., Leyfman Y., Saoud Al Thani H.B., Nanayakkara P., Nanda S., Cioè-Peña E., Sardesai I., Chandra S., Munasinghe A., Dutta V., Dal Ponte S., Izurieta R., Asensio J., and Garg M. 2020. The 2019–2020 novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic: A joint american college of academic international medicine-world academic council of emergency medicine multidisciplinary COVID-19 working group consensus paper. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 12: 47.
Thomson H. 2021. Children with long covid. New Sci. 249: 10–11.
Waltuch T., Gill P., Zinns L.E., Whitney R., Tokarski J., Tsung J.W., and Sanders J.E. 2020. Features of COVID-19 post-infectious cytokine release syndrome in children presenting to the emergency department. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 38(10): 2246.e3–2246.e6.
Wu Z. and Mcgoogan J.M. 2020. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China. Jama, 323: 1239.
Yonker L.M., Neilan A.M., Bartsch Y., Patel A.B., Regan J., Arya P., Gootkind E., Park G., Hardcastle M., ST. John A., Appleman L., Chiu M.L., Fialkowski A., De La Flor D., Lima R., Bordt E.A., Yockey L.J., D’avino P., Fischinger S., Shui J.E., Lerou P.H., Bonventre J.V., Yu X.G., Ryan E.T., Bassett I.V., Irimia D., Edlow A.G., Alter G., Li J.Z., and Fasano A. 2020. Pediatric Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Clinical Presentation, Infectivity, and Immune Responses. J. Pediatr. 227: 45–52.e5.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image LymphoSign Journal
LymphoSign Journal
Volume 8Number 3September 2021
Pages: 75 - 80

History

Received: 18 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Accepted manuscript online: 20 August 2021

Authors

Affiliations

Chaim M. Roifman, CM, MD, FRCPC, FCACB [email protected]
Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and the Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
Linda Vong, PhD
Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and the Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

There are no citations for this item

View Options

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Get Access

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to LymphoSign Journal

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media