C-reactive protein and other biomarkers—the sense and non-sense of using inflammation biomarkers for the diagnosis of severe bacterial infection
Abstract
Biomarker
Definition and expectations
Interpretation of studies on biomarkers
Inflammation
Significance of biomarkers regarding the differentiation between bacterial and non-bacterial infections
Classical inflammatory markers
C-reactive protein and procalcitonin
Is procalcitonin superior to CRP for SBI detection?
Cytokine biomarkers
Hematological biomarkers
Clinical biometric markers
Management of infections in different settings
Is a general screening with laboratory biomarkers useful in the GP office or in the Emergency room?
Significance for using laboratory biomarkers in monitoring disease courses and steering antibiotic therapy
Use of cytokines and classical inflammatory biomarkers in special conditions such as fever and cytopenia
Novel technologies
Summary and outlook
List of abbreviations
- APP
- Acute-Phase-Protein
- APR
- Acute-Phase-Reaction
- ESR
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- CD
- Cluster of differentiation
- CRP
- C-reactive Protein
- CSF
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- CXCL8
- CXC-Motive-Chemokine Ligand 8 (Interleukin-8)
- D/PAMP
- Damage/pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- FcRγ
- Fc-Receptor-γ
- GBS
- Group-B-Streptococci
- G-CSF
- Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
- GM-CSF
- Granulocyte-monocyte- colony stimulating factor
- IBI
- Invasive Bacterial Infection (Bacteremia, Sepsis, Meningitis)
- IFN
- Interferon
- IL
- Interleukin
- IP-10
- Interferon-gamma induced protein 10”
- LPS
- Lipopolysaccharide
- NPV
- Negative predictive value
- PC
- Phosphocholine
- pCAP
- Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia
- PCT
- Procalcitonin
- PPV
- Positive predictive value
- PRR
- Pattern recognition receptor
- RSV
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- SBI
- Severe bacterial infection (Sepsis, Meningitis, Appendicitis, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Cellulitis, Bacterial Gastroenteritis, Complicated Urinary Tract Infection)
- TNF-α
- Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-α
- TRAIL
- Tumor necrosis factor apoptosis inducing ligand
- WBC
- White blood cells
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